This literature review evaluates evidence on: (1) how coin-pusher (penny-falls) machines operate and the risks they pose, (2) common probabilistic misconceptions related to gambling, (3) the effectiveness of game-based and simulation-based interventions for teaching probability and gambling awareness.

The review finds converging evidence that interactive, gamified simulators can improve statistical reasoning and increase risk awareness, while also highlighting a clear gap: coin-pusher machines — despite wide youth exposure — are under-represented in educational simulation research. Drawing on empirical work from gambling studies, education, and cognitive psychology, the review synthesises design principles for a Unity-based serious game intended to reveal hidden odds, correct cognitive biases (e.g. gambler’s fallacy, illusion of control), and support reflective learning. Key recommendations include realistic physics and probability models, transparent in-game statistics, scaffolded reflection tasks, and ethical safeguards to avoid normalising gambling.